CHAPTER X INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 10.1 INTRODUCTION The trend toward the use of operational amplifiers as general-purpose analog building blocks began when modular, solid-state discrete-component designs became available to replace the...
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CHAPTER X INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 10.1 INTRODUCTION The trend toward the use of operational amplifiers as general-purpose analog building blocks began when modular, solid-state discrete-component designs became available to replace the older, more expensive vacuum-tube circuits that had been used primarily in analog computers. As cost de creased and performance improved, it became advantageous to replace specialized circuits with these modular operational amplifiers. This trend was greatly accelerated in the mid 1960s as low-cost mono lithic integrated-circuit operational amplifiers became available. While the very early monolithic designs had sadly deficient specifications compared with discrete-component circuits of the era, present circuits approach the performance of the best discrete designs in many areas and surpass it in a few. Performance improvements are announced with amazing regularity, and there seem to be few limitations that cannot be overcome by appro
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