International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 46 (2000) 343–368
www.
elsevier.
com/locate/ibiod
Biodeterioration of stone: a review
Th.
Warscheida;∗, J.
Braamsb
aLBW-Microbiology in Conservation, Am Sportplatz 21, 26215 Wiefelstede, Germany...
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International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 46 (2000) 343–368
www.
elsevier.
com/locate/ibiod
Biodeterioration of stone: a review
Th.
Warscheida;∗, J.
Braamsb
aLBW-Microbiology in Conservation, Am Sportplatz 21, 26215 Wiefelstede, Germany
b26121 Oldenburg, Bruderstr.
27, Germany
Received 31 July 2000; accepted 31 October 2000
Abstract
The alteration and weathering of stone is basically determined by natural and anthropogenic impacts in uencing various physical,
chemical and biological damage factors at the object site.
Whether as direct or catalytically enhancing factor, the biodeterioration of stone
is coupled with nearly all environmentally induced degradation processes: the presence of the one makes deterioration by the other all
the more e ective.
The bioreceptivity of stone is described by its structure and chemical composition, while the intensity of the microbial
contamination is determined by the referring climatic conditions and the anthropogenic eu
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