pg-1
Report on Diptheria-Etiolgy,Epid,Pathogenesis,Treatment
Etiology-toxins of corynybacterium diphtheria has two subtypes –toxicogen, non toxicogen.
it is an aerobic, non
motile non spore forming G+ rod.
3 bio types Gravis, mitis, intermedius(toxicogen 3 subtypes).
it is stable in low
temp and is inactivated at >100ºC
Diphtheria...
More
pg-1 Report on Diptheria-Etiolgy,Epid,Pathogenesis,Treatment Etiology-toxins of corynybacterium diphtheria has two subtypes –toxicogen, non toxicogen. it is an aerobic, non motile non spore forming G+ rod. 3 bio types Gravis, mitis, intermedius(toxicogen 3 subtypes). it is stable in low temp and is inactivated at >100ºC Diphtheria toxin-heat liable polypeptide which has A and B subunit. Incubation period :2-7 days. Epidemiology- Airborn transmited by infected individuals or carriers( more dangerous b/c asyptomatic). In air droplets or direct contact. On the mucose membrane of respiratory tract or skin abrasions. Rarely by milk. Pathology:Toxins are absorbed by mucous membranes causing destruction of epithelium and a superficial inflammation the necrotic epithelium becomes embedded by fibrin, RBC,WBC and a grayish white pseudo membrane is formed, commonly in tonsils, pharynx, larynx and nose. Further absorption of toxins into the blood causes distant myocardium, liver, kidney ,
Less
From Adnan Akram MD
Pg - 1
Report on Ethiological structure, Pathogenesis, Clinic, the treatment principles of the food poisonings.
Definition - Food poisoning is if acute illness with mainly gastrointestinal or neurologic manifestations
that results from eating food that is contaminated either by bacteria or bacterial toxins or by chemicals.
Symptoms...
More
Pg - 1 Report on Ethiological structure, Pathogenesis, Clinic, the treatment principles of the food poisonings. Definition - Food poisoning is if acute illness with mainly gastrointestinal or neurologic manifestations that results from eating food that is contaminated either by bacteria or bacterial toxins or by chemicals. Symptoms usually commence 1-24 hours after ingestion and include vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and nausea. Can be divided in to (a) microbial (b) Chemicals of nonmicrobial origin. (a) Microbial Food Poisoning IP Bacteria Tosxins/mech anismo location Symptoms & recovery time Diagnosis Source 1-6hrs 8-16hrs 1. Staphylo c-occus aureus 2. Bacillus cereus (emetic form) 1. Cl. perfringes 2. B. cereus (diarrhoea form) -Noninflam matory (enterotoxine) -Proximal small bowel " " Noninflammat ory (enterotoxins) -Proximal small bowel " " A/ 1 Diarrhoea, 2 vomiting 3 dehydration 4 shock B/ Recovers rapidly (few hours) A/ Same clinics B/ Recovers rapidly A/1. Watery dia
Less
From Adnan Akram MD
REPORT: PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSTICS, TREATMENT AND PRINCIPLES OF PROPHYLAXIS OF
PARENTARAL VIRAL HEPATITIS (B-C-D-GB-TT)
Sajid Mehmood Adnan Akram Aftab Ahmed
Accident & Emergency Department.
Royal Infirmary Liverpool.
United Kingdom
Department of Infectious Diseases.
University Hospital Riga.
Latvia
Department of Infectious...
More
REPORT: PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSTICS, TREATMENT AND PRINCIPLES OF PROPHYLAXIS OF PARENTARAL VIRAL HEPATITIS (B-C-D-GB-TT) Sajid Mehmood Adnan Akram Aftab Ahmed Accident & Emergency Department. Royal Infirmary Liverpool. United Kingdom Department of Infectious Diseases. University Hospital Riga. Latvia Department of Infectious Diseases. Kaunas Medical University Hospital. Kaunas. Lithuania sajid@infekcijas. eu adnan@infekcijas. eu aftab@infekcijas. eu HBV- virus DNA (Hepadna group) Can occur at any age Transmission-parantaral by intravenous rout, infected blood,mainly in homosexuals, Vertical transmission. I. p- 1 to 6 months. Clinics- Prodromal period 1 month generally 1-2 wks, during this time occur arthralgia mostly in large joints and influenza like symptoms. -May fallow serum sickness like immunological syndrome (other constitutional symptoms of anorexia, fever law grade, malaise, vomiting, head ache). Serum sickness like symptoms may consist of rashes eg- urticaria and mac
Less
From Adnan Akram MD
Pg-1
Report on Etiology, Epidemiology, Clinic, D/D, Treatment, Profilaxis of typhoid fever & parathyphoid.
A) Etiology.
Salmonella is a G-, motile, bacteria of Enterobacteriacae family.
They are lactose non fermenters.
Produces acid but not gas from glucose and produces H2S Evident by black colour colonies in Bi2S3 medium
(Shigella...
More
Pg-1 Report on Etiology, Epidemiology, Clinic, D/D, Treatment, Profilaxis of typhoid fever & parathyphoid. A) Etiology. Salmonella is a G-, motile, bacteria of Enterobacteriacae family. They are lactose non fermenters. Produces acid but not gas from glucose and produces H2S Evident by black colour colonies in Bi2S3 medium (Shigella don’t produce colonies) B) Main Types - Salmonella Typhi , Salmonella Paratyphi P, B, Salmonella Cholerasuis - Salmonella Enteritidis, S typhimuriuns C) Transmission by - Carriers ,Contaminated focal for water, Dairy products , Meat, Eggs, Shell Fish D) Infective dose – 105 – 108 bacteria E) Clinical Syndromes caused by Salmonella. I- Enteric Fever (Typhi, Paratyphi, Thphimurium) II- Enterocolitis III- Bacteraemia (Sepsis) IV- Extra Intestinal focal infections (Osteomyelitis) V- Carrier State Enteric Fever (Thyphoid Fever) Ethiology: S. Typhi, Paratyphi P, B, typhimurium. Pathogenic dose: 105 – 108 bacteria Pathogenisis: Bacteria enter through epithel
Less
From Adnan Akram MD
REPORT: PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSTICS, TREATMENT AND PRINCIPLES OF PROFILAXIS OF
THE ENTERAL VIRUS HEPATITIS (A and E)
Sajid Mehmood Adnan Akram Aftab Ahmed
Accident & Emergency Department.
Royal Infirmary Liverpool.
United Kingdom
Department of Infectious Diseases.
University Hospital Riga.
Latvia
Department of Infectious Diseases....
More
REPORT: PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSTICS, TREATMENT AND PRINCIPLES OF PROFILAXIS OF THE ENTERAL VIRUS HEPATITIS (A and E) Sajid Mehmood Adnan Akram Aftab Ahmed Accident & Emergency Department. Royal Infirmary Liverpool. United Kingdom Department of Infectious Diseases. University Hospital Riga. Latvia Department of Infectious Diseases. Kaunas Medical University Hospital. Kaunas. Lithuania sajid@infekcijas. eu adnan@infekcijas. eu aftab@infekcijas. eu VHA- RNA picano virus, children and young adults feacal oral route, no carrier state, do not lead to chronic liver disease I. P- 15-14 days Clinical- Prodromal/preicteric phases lasts up to 2 wks, viramia leads to influenza like symptoms during the prodromal phase – mild fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malaise, upper abdominal discomfort. After 1-2 wks patient becomes icteric (non icteric can be). As the jaundice worsen urine becomes dark and feaces becomes pale because of cholistasis ( intra hepatic). 10 % of cases liver moderately
Less
From Adnan Akram MD
pg-1
Report on Etiology, Epidermiology, pathogenesis, clinic, dd, (typhoid bilious including), the treatment &
prophylaxis of malaria
1) Ethiology: Caused by one of 4 species of plasmoidium: P.
Vivax, P.
Ovale, P.
Falciparum, P.
Malariae.
Transmitted by Anopheles Mosquito vector.
The parasite can be transmitted also by blood...
More
pg-1 Report on Etiology, Epidermiology, pathogenesis, clinic, dd, (typhoid bilious including), the treatment & prophylaxis of malaria 1) Ethiology: Caused by one of 4 species of plasmoidium: P. Vivax, P. Ovale, P. Falciparum, P. Malariae. Transmitted by Anopheles Mosquito vector. The parasite can be transmitted also by blood transfusion, transplacentally or injections. 2- Epidemiology: Endemics, Epidemics occurs, Malaria is PO disease of hot, humid contries where conditions are ideal for breeding of the mosquito vector. In SriLanka only P. Vivax & P. Falciparum. Endemic in India, Africa, South America 3- Life Cycle – 2 Stages a) Sexual Cycle (Sporogony) – In mosquito b) Asexual Cycle (Schizogony) – In human A) Sexual Cycle (Sporogony) – occurs in the mosquito, it sucks blood from the infected persons where the gametocytes are ingested, the gametocytes are released from RBC in mosquitos stomach there by the gametocyts are transformed in to gamest→fertilysation→zygote→ookinete
Less
From Adnan Akram MD
by Sajid Mahmood, Accident & Emergency Department, NHS Liverpool United Kingdom, Adnan Akram Infectious Diseases Dept Riga Latvia, Aftab Ahmed Infection Control Dept, Kaunas Medical University. Lithuania
From Adnan Akram MD
pg-1
Report on Etiology, Epidiology, pathogenesis, the treatment principles of the meningococcal infections.
Pachymeningitis –rare mostly due to extention of inflammation from the bones of the skull.
Eg- from chronic
suppurative otitis media or compound fracture of the skull)
(1) Etiology
1)Bacteria- E.
coli,B,Hemolitic Strep....
More
pg-1 Report on Etiology, Epidiology, pathogenesis, the treatment principles of the meningococcal infections. Pachymeningitis –rare mostly due to extention of inflammation from the bones of the skull. Eg- from chronic suppurative otitis media or compound fracture of the skull) (1) Etiology 1)Bacteria- E. coli,B,Hemolitic Strep. (gr. B),Listeria monocytogenicmostly in neonates H. influenza, N,meningitidis, strep. Pneumoneae, M. tuberculosiskids <14yrs N. meningitides,Strep. Pneumoneaeadults Strep. Pneumoneae, Listeria monocytogens,M. tuberculosis,gr”- “organisms elderly & immunocompromised 2)Virus-1. enterovirus group-coxsackie, echo, polio 2. mumps 3. Herpes simplex, H. zoster, V. zoster, EBV 4. HIV 5. Arbo V. (tick borne encephalitis) 3)Fungi 1. Cryptococcus 2. candida 4)Spirochaets-Leptospyra, treponema, Borellia5)Malignant cells 6)Blood, following subarachnoidal hemorrhage7)systemic dis. –LED 8)Drugs 9) Protozoa-malaria(cerebral or P. falsiparum) Toxoplasmosis 10) Poi
Less
From Adnan Akram MD
D/D of infectious diseases with exanthema.
W – 20 pg-1
Exanthema are characterized by generalized eruption or rash mainly in the skin.
(A) Macular papular rash
Causative agent Disease Site Specific Characteristics
VIRUS
(1) EBV
Infectious
mononucleosis
Trunk May resemble measles
accompanied by palatine
exanthema
(2)Rubeola
RNA...
More
D/D of infectious diseases with exanthema. W – 20 pg-1 Exanthema are characterized by generalized eruption or rash mainly in the skin. (A) Macular papular rash Causative agent Disease Site Specific Characteristics VIRUS (1) EBV Infectious mononucleosis Trunk May resemble measles accompanied by palatine exanthema (2)Rubeola RNA Paramyxovirus Measles Forehand going to upper body ,lower body & distal extremities after sometime. Fades in cephalocaudal direction. Red copperbrown. (rash appears in days-DD with rubella) Palatine exanthema & koplik spots in buccal mucosa. 1mm macules (3)Rubella. RNA virus German measles frontal & retroauricular Then spreading over body & limbs. Rash appears in hours DD with rubeola (1)Chlamydia psittaci Psittacosis Trunk Faint macules occasionally erythema nodosum or erythema multiforme Bacteria (1)Listeria monocytogenes Listeriosis Trunk & legs Red macules undergoing central necrosis with formation of pustules (2) Salmonella Gr- Typhoid fever Abdome
Less
From Adnan Akram MD
Facebook
Digg
del.icio.us
Furl
rededit
StumbleUpon