Report on Etiology of malaria, Report prepared by 1. Dr. Sajid Mahmood, MD (EU), Accident & Emergency Department, NHS Royal infirmary Liverpool United Kingdom. 2. Dr. Adnan Akram, MD (EU), Department of Infectious Diseases. University Hospital Riga Latvia
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Report on Etiology, Epidermiology, pathogenesis, clinic, dd, (typhoid bilious including), the treatment &
prophylaxis of malaria
1) Ethiology: Caused by one of 4 species of plasmoidium: P.
Vivax, P.
Ovale, P.
Falciparum, P....
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Report on Etiology, Epidermiology, pathogenesis, clinic, dd, (typhoid bilious including), the treatment &
prophylaxis of malaria
1) Ethiology: Caused by one of 4 species of plasmoidium: P.
Vivax, P.
Ovale, P.
Falciparum, P.
Malariae.
Transmitted by Anopheles Mosquito vector.
The parasite can be transmitted also by blood transfusion,
transplacentally or injections.
2- Epidemiology: Endemics, Epidemics occurs, Malaria is PO
disease of hot, humid contries where conditions are
ideal for breeding of the mosquito vector.
In SriLanka only P.
Vivax & P.
Falciparum.
Endemic in India, Africa,
South America
3- Life Cycle – 2 Stages
a) Sexual Cycle (Sporogony) – In mosquito
b) Asexual Cycle (Schizogony) – In human
A) Sexual Cycle (Sporogony) – occurs in the mosquito, it sucks blood from the infected persons where the
gametocytes are ingested, the gametocytes are released from RBC in mosquitos stomach there by the gametocyts
are transformed in to gamest→fertilysation→zygote→ookinete→oocyte→sporozoites develop withen the
oocyte→the sporozoites are released in to mosquitos salivary glands→mosquito bytes humans→sporozoites are
released in to human blood.
B)Asexual cycle (Schizogony)- occures in the human and devided in to 3 main stages.
1.
pre erythrocytic (primary exoerythrocytic cycle)
2.
erythrocytic
3 secondary exoerythrocytic cycle
1.
pre erythrocytic – sporozoites circulate in humans blood enters hepatocytes & multiply withen
them→Merozoites→come out of them after 1 wk and invade RBC to cause the erythrocytic cycle.
2.
Erythrocytic cycle- after ingestion of merozoites in to the RBC→ring from early trophozoites→late
trophozoites by binary fussion →schizont(immature)→mature schizont(schizont contains many
merozoites→RBC rupture→release merozoites in plasma→some reenter and repeat the cycle→after 2-3
wks→merozoites develop in to ♀ & ♂ gametocytes→gametocytes are ingested by mosquitos.
3.
Erythrocytic cycle- after release from hepatocye some merozoites→reenter hepatocytes and cause further
multiplication of merozoites.
They usually stay latent in hepatocytes and are called hypnozoites they are
responsible for persistant of infection or late relapses.
This secondary exoerythrocytic cycle occurs in P.
malariae, P vivax, P.
ovale
In falciparum this does not occur they have no hypnozoites.
Differance in the 4 types of malaria parasite
Characteristics P.
falciparum P.
vivax P.
ovale P.
malariae
I.
P 10-14 days 10-14 days 10-14 days 18 days-6wks
Duration of
intrahepatic
cycle
Aprox 1wk Aprox 1wk Aprox 1wk Aprox 2wk
Erythrocytic
cycle
48 hrs 48 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs
Red cells
prferance
Younger cells reticulocytes reticulorcytes Older cells
Stage of
paracyte seen in
peripheral blood
Rings +
gametocytes
All stages All stages All stages
Relapses No yes yes Some times
Main
complications
Cerebral
malaria,black
water fever
relapses relapses Nephroti
syndrome
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